CLASS- 7 SUBJECT : SOCIAL SCIENCE(HISTORY) CHAPTER-9 THE MAKING OF REGIONAL CULTURES,

 EVENTS CONVENT HIGH SCHOOL

14/02/2022      CLASS- 7 SESSION 2021-22
SUBJECT : SOCIAL SCIENCE(HISTORY)
CHAPTER-9
THE MAKING OF REGIONAL CULTURES,  

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1.  Match the following :
Anantavarnam         – Kerala 
Jagannatha               – Bengal
Mahodayapurma     – Orissa
Lilatilakam              – Kangra
Mangalakavya        – Puri
Miniature                 –  Kerala
Answer:
Anantavarnam         –       Orissa
Jagannatha              –        Kangra
Mahodayapurma   –        Kerala
Lilatilakam             –        Kerala
Mangalakavya       –        Bengal
Miniature              –         Kangra

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Who was Anantavarman?
Answer: Anantavarman was one of the most important rulers of the Ganga dynasty in the 12th century.

2. Who did King Anangabhima III dedicate his kingdom to? What did he proclaim himself?
Answer: King Anangabhima III dedicated his kingdom to Purushottama Jagannath and proclaimed himself as the deputy of the god.

3. What was called Rajputana by the British?          
Answer: In the 19th century, the region that constitutes most of the present-day Rajasthan was called Rajputana by the British.

4. How were the Rajput rulers most distinctive?
Ans. The Rajput rulers were the apostles of bravery. They fought valiantly and often chose death on the battlefield rather than face defeat.

5. Define the term Kathak.
Answer: The term Kathak is derived from Katha, a word used in Sanskrit and other languages for the story.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Question 1.What is one of the commonest ways of describing people?
Answer:
One of the commonest ways of describing people is the language they speak. For example, when we refer to a person as a Tamil or an Oriya, this means that he or she speaks Tamil or Oriya and lives in Tamil Nadu or Orissa respectively.

Question 2.What do we tend to associate one region with?
Answer:
We tend to associate each region with distinctive kinds of food, clothes, poetry, dance, music and painting. Sometimes these identities are taken for granted and are assumed that they have existed from time immemorial.

Question 3.How have regional cultures evolved?
Answer:

• Regional cultures today are often the products of complex processes of intermixing of local traditions with ideas from other parts of the subcontinent.
• Some traditions appear specific to some regions, others seem to be similar across regions, and yet others derive from older practices in a particular area, but take a new form in other regions.

The Cheras and the Development of Malayalam

4. Mention all the six dance forms that are recognised as classical.
Answer: Six classical dances are :

• Kathak (North India)
• Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu)
• Kathakali (Kerala)
• Odissi (Orissa)
• Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh)
• Manipuri (Manipur).

CLASS- 6 SUBJECT : social science (history) CHAPTER-10 NEW EMPIRES AND KINGDOMS

EVENTS CONVENT HIGH SCHOOL

08/02/2022      CLASS- 6  SESSION 2021-22
SUBJECT : social science (history)
CHAPTER-10 
 new empires and kingdoms  

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I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct option to complete the statements given below:

(i) The first ruler of the Gupta dynasty who adopted the grand title of maharaj- adhiraja was
(a) Samudragupta
(b) Chandragupta
(c) Skandhagupta
(d) Both (a) and (c).

(ii) We learn about Gupta rulers from the
(a) Inscriptions
(b) Prashastis
(c) Coins
(d) Both (a) and (c).

(iii) Harsha’s brother-in-law was the ruler of
(a) Kanauj
(b) Patliputra
(c) Ujjain
(d) Prayaga.

(iv) Pulakeshin II was a ruler of
(a) Chalukya dynasty
(b) Pallava dynasty
(c) Gupta dynasty
(d) Chola dynasty,

(v) We come to know about Harshavardhana from
(a) The biography was written by Banabhatta
(b) The account of Xuan Zang
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (d).

Ans.
(i) – (b), (ii) – (d), (iii) – (a), (iv) – (a), (v) – (c).

II.FILL IN THE BLANKS

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each sentence.

1. Kumara Devi, the mother of Samudragupta belonged to the ……………………  gana.
2. ……………., a Chinese pilgrim, spent a lot of time at Harsha’s court and left a detailed account of what he saw.
3. Harshavardhana’s success was checked by ………………., a chalukya ruler.
4. The two important ruling dynasties in south India during this period were the ……….  and the ………..
5. The Raichur Doab was situated between the rivers ………………….  and ………….

Answer:

1. Lichchhavi
2. Xuan Zang
3. Pulakeshin II
4. Pallavas, Chalukyas
5. Krishna, Tungabhadra

III.TRUE/FALSE

State whether these sentences are true (C) or false (F).

1. The military leaders collected revenue from the land granted to them and spent this on their families.
2. The rulers of dakshinapatha surrendered to Samudragupta after being defeated and were never allowed to rule again.
3. The descendants of the Kushanas and Shakas ruled the outlying areas during this period.
4. Harshavaradhana became the king of Thanesar after both his father and elder brother died.
5. Harshavardhana never got success in the east.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True

IV.MATCHING SKILL

Match the items in column A correctly with those given in column B.

Column A                                                         Column B

(i) Kalidasa                                           (a) The court poet of Pulakeshin II

(ii) Aryabhatta                                        (b) The court poet of Samudragupta

(iii) Ravikirti                                          (c) A renowned poet during this period

(iv) Harishena                                        (d) The court poet of Harshavardhana

(v) Banabhatta                                        (e) An astronomer

Ans. (i)—(c), (ii)—(e), (iii)—(a), (iv)—(b), (v)—(d).

V.VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Who was Samudragupta? 

Ans: He was a famous ruler of the Gupta dynasty.

2. How do we know about him?

Ans: We know about him from a long inscription, which is a poem in Sanskrit composed by his court poet, Harishena.

3. Where is this poem inscribed?

Ans: This poem is inscribed on the Ashokan pillar at Allahabad.

4. What was prashastis?                                                         

Ans: Prashastis were poems composed by the court poets in praise of their rulers.

5. During which dynasty did prashastis gain importance?

Ans: Prashastis gained importance during the Gupta dynasty.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Harishena held more than one office? Name them.

Ans: Harishena held more than one office. Besides being a maha-danda-nayaka, he was a Kumar-amatya and a sandhi-vigrahika.

2. What was the nagaram?

Ans: It was an organisation of merchants.

3. Who controlled the local assemblies?

Ans: Wealthy and powerful landowners and merchants controlled the local assemblies

4.How do we know about the lives of ordinary people during this period?

Ans: We come to know about the lives of ordinary people from plays like Kalidasa’s Abhijnana Shakuntalam and accounts left by Chinese pilgrims like Fa Xian.

CLASS-6 SUBJECT SOCIAL SCIENCE (HISTORY) CHAPTER-7 ASHOKA THE EMPEROR , WHO GAVE UP WAR.

 EVENTS CONVENT HIGH SCHOOL

05/02/2022      CLASS- 6  SESSION 2021-22
SUBJECT : (SOCIAL SCIENCE) HISTORY
CHAPTER-7
 ASHOKA THE EMPEROR , WHO GAVE UP WAR.

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1. Complete the following sentences:

1. Officials collected…….. from the area under the direct control of the ruler.
2. Royal princes often went to the provinces as………….
3. The Mauryan rulers tried to control…….. and……….. which were important for transport.
4. People in forested regions provided the Mauryan officials with…………

Ans: 

1. taxes
2. governors
3. roads, rivers
4. elephants, timber, honey, and wax.

2. State whether true or false:

1. Ujjain was the gateway to the north-west. (False)
2. Chandragupta’s ideas were written down in the Arthashastra. (True)
3. Kalinga was the ancient name of Bengal(False)
4. Most Ashokan inscriptions are in the Brahmi script. (True)

3.VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Who was Chanakya?
Ans:  Chanakya (or Kautilya) was a wise man who served Chandragupta Maurya.

2. Who lived in the Mauryan cities?
Ans: Merchants, officials, and craftspersons lived in Mauryan cities.

3. Giue one point of difference between empires and kingdoms.
Ans:  Empires need more resources than kingdoms do as they are larger,

4. Give one point of information given by the Arthashastra
Ans:  The Arthashastra tells that the northwest of the Mauryan empire was important for blankets, and south for stones,

 4.SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1.What change came upon Ashoka after the Kalinga war?[V. Imp.]
Ans: Ashoka saw that there was a lot of violence in the war and many people were killed. So he decided he would not fight any more wars,

2.What was the purpose of Ashoka’s ‘dhamma’?       [V. Imp.]
Ans:  Ashoka wished to instruct his subjects, for which he introduced his ‘dhamma’.

3. Name some countries where Ashoka spread his ‘dhamma’.
Ans: Ashoka’s ‘dhamma’ reached Syria, Egypt, Greece and Sri Lanka among other sounds.          ,

4. Where has the Rampurwa Bull been placed now?
Ans:  The Rampurwa Bull is now In the Rashtrapati Bhavan.                    •

Class-9 Subejct Social Science History Chapter-9 FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONALISM

  EVENTS CONVENT HIGH SCHOOL

10/12/2021      CLASS- 9   SESSION 2021-22
SUBJECT : SOCIAL SCIENCE  

CHAPTER-4
FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONALISM

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Question-1

Discuss how the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the following groups of people:
(a) Shifting cultivators
(b) Nomadic and pastoralist communities
(c) Firms trading in timber/forest produce
(d) Plantation owners
(e) Kings/British officials engaged in a shikar.
Solution:
(a) Shifting Cultivators
Shifting cultivation was a traditional agricultural practice in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. Parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. After the first monsoon rains, seeds are sown in the ashes, and crops are cultivated. Cultivation is continued for a couple of years. Then the forest is allowed to grow in the area for 12 to 18 years. Then they are cut and burnt once more. This rotation is called Shifting cultivation.

The Colonial government banned Shifting cultivation, as European foresters felt that this would harm the forests and valuable timber would be lost. The Government also found it difficult to calculate taxes when Shifting cultivation was practiced.
The ban displaced many Shifting cultivators. Many of them had to change their occupation. A few Shifting cultivators agitated against the ban.

(b) Nomadic and Pastoralist Communities
Nomadic and pastoralist communities moved about in the mountains and deserts and in the plains and plateaus of India and Africa. The pastoralist communities formed an important part of the population in both countries during the Colonial era. When the Colonial government established control over the forests it affected the pastoralist communities in a big way.
The pastoralist communities always moved from place to place with their cattle. When forests were destroyed by the government to expand agriculture, the Nomads lost grazing fields for their cattle. This brought a lot of hardship to the pastoralist communities.

(c) Firms Trading in Timber/Forest Produce
Large expanses of forests were cut for timber and forest produce. The Colonial Government was worried about this reckless felling of trees. It passed the Indian Forest Act in 1865. This Act was amended in the year 1878. Under this amendment the forests were divided into 3 categories, – reserved, protected and village forests. Villagers and local firms trading in timber and forest produce could not take anything from the reserved or protected forests which had the best trees. This affected the traders immensely.

(d) Plantation Owners
Vast areas of forests were given to European Planters, at a very cheap rate by the Colonial government. Natural forests were cleared to cultivate tea coffee and rubber trees. There was a great demand for these commodities in Europe. These plantations were fenced off and others were not allowed inside.

(e) Kings/British Officials engaged in Shikar
Forest laws banned hunting of deer, partridges, and small animals. People who lived near the forests were deprived of their livelihood and food because of this ban. Contrary to this ban hunting of big animals like the tiger, leopard and wolves became a sport for the kings and the British. The British felt that by killing dangerous animals they could civilize India. The indiscriminate hunting by the British and the Kings almost made certain species of animals extinct.

Question-2
What are the similarities between the colonial management of the forests in Bastar and in Java?
Solution:
The similarities between the colonial management of forests in Bastar and in Java are as follows.
Colonial management in Bastar:

1. In 1905, the colonial government proposed to reserve 2/3 of the forests, stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.
2. The villagers were suffering from increased rents and demand for free labour and goods by colonial officials.
3. In the reserved forests, the villagers could stay in the forests and had to work free for the forest department and help them in cutting and transporting trees and protecting them from forest fires. They were called forest villages.

Colonial management in Java:

1. In Java, villagers were punished for grazing cattle, transporting goods without permit or travelling on forest roads.
2. The Dutch needed labour to cut trees, transport logs and prepare sleepers. They introduced the blcmdongdiensten system. According to this system, they first introduced rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then some villages were exempted from paying rent, if they worked collectively to provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. It was similar to ‘forest villages’.

CLASS-7 SUNEJCT-SOCIAL SCIENCE (HISTORY) CHAPTER -6 TOWN TRADERS AND CRAFTSPERSON

 EVENTS CONVENT HIGH SCHOOL

25/11/2021      CLASS- 7   SESSION 2021-22
SUBJECT : SOCIAL  SCIENCE 

CHAPTER-6 
TOWN TRADERS AND CRAFTS PERSON

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1. Fill in the blanks:

1. The Rajarajeshvara temple was built in ………………..
2. Ajmer is associated with the Sufi saint…………………
3. Hampi was the capital of the ………….
4. The Dutch established a settlement at…………….. in Andhra Pradesh.

Answer:

1. (a) early 11th century
2. (b) Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti
3. (c) Vijayanagara
4. (d) Masulipatnam

2. State whether true or false:
(a) We know the name of the architect of the Rajarajeshvara temple from an inscription.
(b) Merchants preferred to travel individually rather than in caravans.
(c) Kabul was a major centre for trade in elephants.
(d) Surat was an important trading port on the Bay of Bengal.
Answer:   (a)—T, (b)—F, (c)—F, (d)—F.

3. How was water supplied, to the city of Thanjavur?
Answer:
Water from wells and tanks was supplied to the city of Thanjavur through channels.

4. Who lived in the ‘Black Towns’ in cities such as Madras?
Answer:  Merchants, artisans (such as weavers), native traders and craftspersons lived in the ‘Black Towns’.

5. Why do you think towns grew around temples?
Answer:
Towns grew around temples because of the following reasons:

1. Priests, workers, artisans, craftspersons settled around temples.
2. Several shops came up around temples to cater to the needs of pilgrims and priests etc.

6. How important were craftspersons for the building and maintenance of temples?
Answer:
Craftspersons were very important because of the following reasons:

1. They carried out inlay work in copper and silver. Craftspersons from Bidar were well-known for Bidri work.
2. Goldsmiths, bronzesmiths, blacksmiths, masons, carpenters built temples.
3. They also maintained them.
4. Weavers also played an important role in cotton textiles.

7. Why did people from distant lands visit Surat?
Answer:
People from distant lands visited Surat because of the following reasons:

1. Surat was the gateway for trade with West Asia via the Gulf of Ormuz.
2. Surat has also been called the gate to Mecca because many pilgrim ships set sail from here.
3. There was a big market for cotton textiles. One could find several retail and wholesale shops selling cotton textiles.
4. The textiles of Surat were famous for their gold lace borders, Le. zari and had a market in West Asia, Africa and Europe.
5. There were ample rest-houses for the visitors. Magnificent buildings and innumerable pleasure parks attracted people of far-off places.

8. In what ways was craft production in cities like Calcutta different from that in cities Wee Thanjavur?
Answer:
Craft production in Thanjavur was different from that of Kolkata in the following manner:

1. Craft production in Thanjavur was in the form of inlays work in copper and silver.
2. In Kolkata, it was in the form of cotton textiles, jute textiles, and silk textiles.
3. Thanjavur was a temple town and all lived in town.
4. Calcutta was a trading town and craftsmen lived in “Blacktown” areas.

9. Compare any one of the cities described in this chapter with a town or a village with which you are familiar. Do you notice any similarities or differences?
Answer:
Comparison between Surat and Delhi

Surat	Delhi
Emporium during the Mughal period due to the production of various goods. Gateway to West Asia due to the trade centre. Cosmopolitan city. Factories and warehouses. Known for cotton textiles.	It was also an emporium during the Mughal period. Basically administrative town. Cosmopolitan city. Factories and warehouses. Known for business, trade, and commercial pursuits.

CLASS-9 SUBJECT-SOCIAL SCIENCE (HISTORY) CHAPTER-3 NAZIMS AND THE RISE OF HITLER

 EVENTS CONVENT HIGH SCHOOL

16/11/2021      CLASS- 9   SESSION 2021-22
SUBJECT :  SOCIAL SCIENCE (HISTORY)

CHAPTER-3 NAZIMS AND THE RISE OF HITLER
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Question-1

Describe the problems faced by the Weimar Republic.
Solution:
The problems faced by the Weimar Republic were as follows:

1. The Weimar constitution had Inherent drawbacks making the Weimar Republic fragile.
   • One was proportional representation which made it difficult for any party to get a majority leading to coalition governments.
   • Article 48, which gave the President the power to rule by decree, suspend civil rights and to impose an emergency.
     People lost confidence in a democratic parliamentary system.
2. The Weimar Republic was not received well by the people because of the terms it was forced to accept at Versailles at the end of the First World War. It was a harsh and humiliating treaty that Germany had to accept with the Allies. Many people held the Weimar Republic responsible for the defeat in the war and for accepting the terms of the Treaty of Versailles,
3. In 1923 Germany refused to pay reparation payments and the French occupied its leading industrial area, the Ruhr, to claim their coal. Germany offered passive resistance and printed paper currency. With too much paper currency in circulation, the value of the German mark fell. The situation is called hyperinflation.
4. The Weimar Republic had to face another economic crisis. The USA Withdrew her support when Wall Street Exchange crashed in 1929. German economy was the worst hit by the economic crisis. Workers lost their jobs or were paid reduced wages. The number of unemployed reached 6 million. The economic crisis created a feeling of fear among the people.

Question-2
Discuss why Nazism became popular in Germany by 1930.
Solution:
In 1919 Adolph Hitler took over the German Workers’ Party and called it the Nazi Party, giving birth to Nazism in Germany.
During the Great Economic Depression Nazism became very popular. The Nazi Propaganda which was very unique helped in making Nazism very popular. In his powerful speeches, Hitler promised to build a strong nation, restore the dignity of the Germans and provide employment for all. Numerous public meetings were held by the Nazi Party to instil unity among the people.

The red banners, the Nazi salute, and the rounds of applause attracted the people and Nazism became very popular. The Meetings projected Hitler as a saviour of Germany. The German people who were shattered after the First World War believed him.

Question-3
What are the peculiar features of Nazi thinking?
Solution:
The peculiar features of Nazi thinking are as follows.

1. Nazi ideology was the same as Hitler’s worldview. According to this there was no equality between people but only a racial hierarchy. In this view blond, blue-eyed Nordic German Aryans were at the top called ‘desirables’ while Jews (undesirables) were placed at the lowest rung. Hitler’s racism was influenced by thinkers like Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. The Nazi argument was simple: ‘The strongest race would survive, the weak ones would perish’.
2. Hitler believed in Lebensraum or living space. New territories had to be conquered to increase the living space.
3. Nazis wanted a society of pure and healthy Nordic Aryans. It meant that even those Germans who were seen as impure or abnormal had no right to live. Under the Euthanasia Programme, the Nazi condemned to death many Germans, who were mentally or physically unfit.
4. As soon as Hitler came to power he tried to eliminate the undesirables and the gypsy. The Nazis proceeded to realise their murderous racial ideals.
5. Jews remained the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany. They were called ‘undesirables’. Hitler’s hatred for Jews was based on pseudoscientific theories of race, which held conversion was no solution. They should be completely eliminated.

Question-4
Explain why Nazi propaganda was effective in creating a hatred for Jews.
Solution:
Films were made to create hatred for the Jews. The film, ‘The Eternal Jew’, showed the Jews with flowing beards and dressed in kaftans. The Jews were referred to as vermin, rats, and pests. Nazi propaganda compared the Jews to rodents.

Orthodox Jews were stereotyped as killers of Christ and money lenders. Stereotypes about Jews were even popularised through maths classes. Children were taught to hate the Jews. The Nazi propaganda against the Jews was so effective that people felt anger and hatred surge inside them when they saw someone who looked like a Jew.

Question-5
Explain what role women had in Nazi society. Return to Chapter 1 on the French Revolution. Write a paragraph comparing and contrasting the role of women in the two periods.
Solution:
In Nazi Germany, boys were told to be aggressive and steel-hearted, girls were told that they had to become good mothers and rear pure-blooded Aryan children. Girls had to protect the purity of German race. They had to look after their homes and Nazi values had to be taught to the children.

Women who produced ‘desirable children’ were awarded. They got better treatment in hospitals, and got concessions in shops, on theatre tickets and railway fares. Honour crosses were awarded to women. A bronze cross was awarded to women for four children, silver cross for six children and gold for eight or more children.

Question-6
In what ways did the Nazi state seek to establish total control over its people?
Solution:
The Nazi state tried to establish total control over its people. Special forces were created to control the society, in the way Nazis wanted. Apart from SA or the Storm Troopers, and regular police, who wore a green uniform, these included the Gestapo (secret state police) and SS (the protection squads), criminal police, and the Security Service (SD). They were given extra-constitutional powers, that gave the Nazi state its reputation as the most dreaded criminal state. People were tortured in Gestapo chambers and sent to concentration camps. People were arrested without any legal procedures.

CLASS-7 SUBJECT-SOCIAL SCIENCE HISTORY CHAPTER-5 RUELRS AND BUILDINGS

EVENTS CONVENT HIGH SCHOOL

26/10/2021      CLASS- 7     SESSION 2021-22
SUBJECT :HISTORY

CHAPTER-5
RULERS & BUILDINGS

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Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Why was limestone cement used in the construction of large structures? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Limestone cement was very high-quality cement, which, when mixed with stone chips hardened into concrete. This made the construction of large structures easier and faster.

2. How did the Persian court chronicles describe the Sultan?
Answer: Persian court chronicles described the Sultan as the ‘Shadow of God’.

3. Name the ruler who won universal respect for constructing a large reservoir just – outside Delhi-i kuhna?
Answer: Sultan Iltutmish.

4. What are the special features of Humayun’s tomb?
Answer: (a) It has a central towering dome.
(b)It has a tall gateway (pishtaq).

5. What was maha mandapa?
Answer: It was the main hall in the temple where dances were performed.

6. Name the temple built by king Rajarajadeva.
Answer: Rajarajeshvara temple.

7. When was the tomb of Hanuman built?
Answer: It was built between 1562 and 1571.

8. Who constructed the Kandariya Mahadeva temple?
Answer: King Dhangadeva of the Chandela dynasty constructed the Kandariya Mahadeva temple.

9. Where was Shah Jahan’s capital in the early years of his reign?
Answer: It was at Agra

1o. What is the special feature of Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar’s capital?
Answer: Many of the buildings show the influence of the architectural styles of Gujarat and Malwa.

11. Name the king who invaded Sri Lanka? Whom did he defeat?
Answer: King Shrimara Shrivallabha. He defeated the king, Sena I.

12. What was havellis?
Answer: They were large mansions of the merchants.

13. How did kings win the praise of their subjects? [V. Imp.]
Answer: They won the praise of their subjects by buildings structures meant for a public activity such as temples, mosques, tanks, wells, caravanserais, and bazaars.

Short Answer Type Questions

1. What type of structures were built by kings and their officers between the eighth and the eighteenth centuries? 
Answer: During this period kings and their officers built two kinds of structure
(A)Forts, palaces, garden residences and tombs
(B)Structures meant for public activity including temples, mosques, tanks, wells, caravanserais and bazaars.

2. Write a short note on the Kandariya Mahadeva temple.
Answer: The Kandariya Mahadeva temple dedicated to Shiva was constructed in 999 by the king Dhangadeva of the Chandela dynasty. The temple had an ornamented gateway that led to an entrance. It had the main hall known as maha mandapa where dances were performed. The image of the chief deity was kept in the main Shrine known as garbhagriha. This was the place for ritual worship where only the king and his kith and kin gathered.

3. Throw light on how the construction of the Rqjarqjeshvara temple was a very difficult task.                           [V. Imp.]
Answer: The Raj raj Ishvara temple was built in the early 11th century. It had the tallest shikhara amongst temples of its time. Its construction was a very difficult task. There were no cranes in those days. The 90 tonne stone for the top of the shikhara was too heavy to lift manually. Hence, the architects built an inclined path to the top of the temple, placed the boulder on rollers and rolled it all the way to the top. The path started more than 4 km away so that it would not be too steep. This was dismantled after the temple was built.

4. In what ways do you think the policies of Rajendra I and Mahmud of Ghazni were a product of their time? How were the actions of the two rulers different? [Imp.]
Answer: King Rajendra I looted the temples of the defeated rulers and seized prized statues from them. He these statues in the decoration of the Shiva temple, that he built in his capital in the early 11th century.
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni was a contemporary of Rajendra I. He destroyed and looted the temples of defeated kings in order to win credit as a great hero of Islam. Thus, King Rajendra, I constructed a temple while Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed it. In this way, their actions were very much different.

5. Write a brief note on the Chahar bagh built by the Mughal rulers.
Answer: The Mughal emperors were very much interested in literature, art, and architecture. Babur, in his autobiography, described his interest in planning and laying out formal gardens, placed within rectangular walled enclosures, and divided into four quarters by artificial channels. These gardens were called Chahar bagh, four gardens, because of their symmetrical division into quarters. Beginning with Akbar, some of the most beautiful Chahar baghs were constructed by Jahangir and Shah Jahan in Kashmir, Agra and Delhi.

6. When was Humayun’s tomb built? What are its special features?
Answer:  Humayun’s tomb was, built between 1562 and 1571. Its main features are:

• The central towering dome and the tall gateway known as pishtaqbecame important aspects of Mughal architecture. This tomb architecture was first visible in Humayun’s tomb.
• The tomb was placed in the centre of a huge formal Chahar baghand built in the tradition known as ‘eight paradises’ or hasht bihisht—a central hall surrounded by eight rooms.
• The building was constructed with red sandstone, edge with white marble.