Class-9 Subejct Social Science History Chapter-9 FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONALISM

  EVENTS CONVENT HIGH SCHOOL

10/12/2021      CLASS- 9   SESSION 2021-22
SUBJECT : SOCIAL SCIENCE  

CHAPTER-4
FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONALISM

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Question-1

Discuss how the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the following groups of people:
(a) Shifting cultivators
(b) Nomadic and pastoralist communities
(c) Firms trading in timber/forest produce
(d) Plantation owners
(e) Kings/British officials engaged in a shikar.
Solution:
(a) Shifting Cultivators
Shifting cultivation was a traditional agricultural practice in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. Parts of the forest are cut and burnt in rotation. After the first monsoon rains, seeds are sown in the ashes, and crops are cultivated. Cultivation is continued for a couple of years. Then the forest is allowed to grow in the area for 12 to 18 years. Then they are cut and burnt once more. This rotation is called Shifting cultivation.

The Colonial government banned Shifting cultivation, as European foresters felt that this would harm the forests and valuable timber would be lost. The Government also found it difficult to calculate taxes when Shifting cultivation was practiced.
The ban displaced many Shifting cultivators. Many of them had to change their occupation. A few Shifting cultivators agitated against the ban.

(b) Nomadic and Pastoralist Communities
Nomadic and pastoralist communities moved about in the mountains and deserts and in the plains and plateaus of India and Africa. The pastoralist communities formed an important part of the population in both countries during the Colonial era. When the Colonial government established control over the forests it affected the pastoralist communities in a big way.
The pastoralist communities always moved from place to place with their cattle. When forests were destroyed by the government to expand agriculture, the Nomads lost grazing fields for their cattle. This brought a lot of hardship to the pastoralist communities.

(c) Firms Trading in Timber/Forest Produce
Large expanses of forests were cut for timber and forest produce. The Colonial Government was worried about this reckless felling of trees. It passed the Indian Forest Act in 1865. This Act was amended in the year 1878. Under this amendment the forests were divided into 3 categories, – reserved, protected and village forests. Villagers and local firms trading in timber and forest produce could not take anything from the reserved or protected forests which had the best trees. This affected the traders immensely.

(d) Plantation Owners
Vast areas of forests were given to European Planters, at a very cheap rate by the Colonial government. Natural forests were cleared to cultivate tea coffee and rubber trees. There was a great demand for these commodities in Europe. These plantations were fenced off and others were not allowed inside.

(e) Kings/British Officials engaged in Shikar
Forest laws banned hunting of deer, partridges, and small animals. People who lived near the forests were deprived of their livelihood and food because of this ban. Contrary to this ban hunting of big animals like the tiger, leopard and wolves became a sport for the kings and the British. The British felt that by killing dangerous animals they could civilize India. The indiscriminate hunting by the British and the Kings almost made certain species of animals extinct.

Question-2
What are the similarities between the colonial management of the forests in Bastar and in Java?
Solution:
The similarities between the colonial management of forests in Bastar and in Java are as follows.
Colonial management in Bastar:

1. In 1905, the colonial government proposed to reserve 2/3 of the forests, stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.
2. The villagers were suffering from increased rents and demand for free labour and goods by colonial officials.
3. In the reserved forests, the villagers could stay in the forests and had to work free for the forest department and help them in cutting and transporting trees and protecting them from forest fires. They were called forest villages.

Colonial management in Java:

1. In Java, villagers were punished for grazing cattle, transporting goods without permit or travelling on forest roads.
2. The Dutch needed labour to cut trees, transport logs and prepare sleepers. They introduced the blcmdongdiensten system. According to this system, they first introduced rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then some villages were exempted from paying rent, if they worked collectively to provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. It was similar to ‘forest villages’.

Class-6 Subject English Grammer Essay Population problem

EVENTS CONVENT HIGH SCHOOL

 *Essay- Population Problem*

*Class-6

Introduction – Population is a big problem of world and the India. In India Population become a serious problem.Every day increasing India population. Mainly due to lack of awareness among the people of India.

Population in India – Land for People to live availability of the cities is declining the population of cities is increasing due to which the environment is also being polluted.

The population in India is increasing as if a typhoon has occurred and it has become a serious problem of India. Apart from this the government has already no more good measures was taken for population control in India.

Pattern growth of Population – India Pattern of population growth it is growing faster in the India ruler areas resulting in not only bigger landless families forcing migration ot towns increasing the numbers of slums but also dividing land holding into unvisible entities.Both these result in lowering the already low standards of living healthcare and Education.

Causes of Population Explosion – The causes of population explosion many factor and the reasons. Increasing the birth rate of India in the ruler areas. India high level of illiteracy and the biggest problem of the family planing.

Conclusion- Rulers areas are the main roll of Population. Rulers areas unemployment and he illiteracy Poverty are the big reson of population problem doe to large population there a large number of people who belong to poverty in the India.

CLASS-8 SUBJECT SCIENCE CHAPTER-12 FRICTION

 EVENTS CONVENT HIGH SCHOOL

27/11/2021      CLASS- 8   SESSION 2021-22
SUBJECT : SCIENCE  

CHAPTER-12 
FRICTION

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Question 1.Fill in the blanks.
(a) Friction opposes the ______ between the surfaces in contact with each other.
(b) Friction depends on the ______ of surfaces.
(c) Friction produces ______
(d) The sprinkling of powder on the carrom board _______ friction.
(e) Sliding friction is _______ than the static friction.
Solution:
(a) relative motion
(b) smoothness (or irregularities or nature)
(c) heat
(d) reduces
(e) less

Question .2 Very Short Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define friction.
Answer:
Friction is the force which resists the motion of a body, while moving on a surface.

Question 2.
What is meant by sliding friction ?
Answer:
When one surface is sliding over the other, sliding friction comes into play.

Question 3.
When does static friction come into play ?
Answer:
Static friction comes into play to counter balance the applied force on the body.

Question 4.
What are lubricants ?
Answer:
The substances which reduce friction are called lubricants.

Question 5.
What is rolling friction ?
Answer:
When one body rolls over the surface of another body, the resistance to its motion is called the rolling friction.

Question 6.
What are fluids ?
Answer:
Fluids is the common name given to gases and liquids.

Question 7.
Do fluids exert friction ?
Answer:
Yes, fluids also exert friction.

Question 8.
What is meant by air resistance ?
Answer:
There is friction between a moving object and the air through which it moves, known as air resistance.

Question .3 Short Questions and Answers

Question 1.
When your writing desk is tilted a little, a book kept on it starts sliding down. Mention the direction of the frictional force acting on it.
Answer:
The frictional force acts in the upward direction.

Question 2.
You spill a bucket of soapy water on a marble floor accidently. Would it make easier or more difficult for you to walk on the floor ? Why ? [NCERT]
Answer:
It would be more difficult to walk on the floor with soapy water because when we walk on a soapy floor, there is little friction between the floor and the feet, so it becomes difficult to walk.

Question 3.
Put a tick mark on the correct choice :
When one object moves over the surface of other object.

• surface of only lower object exerts frictional force on the upper object.
• surface of only upper object exerts frictional force on the lower object.
• surfaces of both the objects exert force on each other.
• surfaces of both the objects exert force in a direction opposite to each other.

Answer:
Surfaces of both the objects exert force in a direction opposite to each other.

Question 4.
Four children have got similar toy cars. They run the car on the dry marble floor, wet marble floor, newspaper and towel simultaneously. The force of friction between the car and different surfaces in increasing order will be :

• Wet marble floor, dry marble floor, newspaper and towel.
• Newspaper, towel, dry marble floor, wet marble floor.
• Towel, newspaper, dry marble floor, wet marble floor.
• Dry marble floor, wet marble floor, towel, newspaper.

Answer:
Wet marble floor, dry marble floor, newspaper and towel.

Question 5.
Explain why sportsmen use shoes with spikes. [NCERT]
Answer:
Sportsman use shoes with spikes to increase the friction. In this way, the sportsman can run faster.