Class-10 Subject -Social Studies (Economics) Chapter-3 Money and Credit

 EVENTS CONVENT HIGH SCHOOL

18/11/2021      CLASS- 10   SESSION 2021-22
SUBJECT :  SOCIAL SCIENCE (ECONOMICS)

CHAPTER-3 MONEY & CREDIT
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Page 52:

Question 1: In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. Explain?
Answer:

1. High-risk situations occur in rural areas because there the main demand for credit is for crop production which involves considerable costs on seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, water, electricity, repair of equipment.
2. There is a minimum stretch of three of four months between the time when farmers buy these inputs and when they sell the crop.
3. Farmers generally take crop loans at the beginning of the season and repay the loan after harvest.
4. Repayment of the loan is crucially dependent on the income from farming.
5. If a crop fails due to shortage of rain or for any other reason, a small farmer has to sell a part of the land to repay the loan.
6. Failure of crops create further problems for the borrowers. Credit does not improve his earnings but leaves him worse off than before. Credit in high risks situations pushes the borrower into a debt trap, a situation from which recovery is very painful.

Question 2: How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants? Explain with example of your own.
Answer:
In a barter system where goods are directly exchanged without the use of money, double coincidence of wants is an essential feature. By serving as a medium of exchanges, money removes the need for double coincidence of wants and the difficulties associated with the barter system. For example, it is no longer necessary for the farmer to look for a book publisher who will buy his cereals at the same time sell him books. All he has to do is find a buyer for his cereals. If he has exchanged his cereals for money, he can purchase any goods or service which he needs. This is because money acts as a medium of exchange.

Question 3: How do banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money?
Answer:

1. People hold money as deposits with banks which pay an interest rate on them.
2. People do not withdraw their cash daily.
3. The banks, therefore, hold only 15 percent of their deposits as cash with themselves in order to pay the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day.
4. Since, on any particular day, only some of its many depositors come to withdraw cash, the bank is able to manage with this cash.
5. They use a major portion of the deposits to extend loans to those who need money.
6. The banks make use of deposits to meet the loan requirements of the people.
7. Thus, in this way, the banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money. Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits. The difference between the two is the main source of income of the banks.

Question 4: Look at a 10 rupee note. What is written on top? Can you explain this statement?
“Reserve Bank of India” and “Guaranteed by the Government” are written on top.
Answer:
In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central government. The statement means that the currency is authorized or guaranteed by the Central Government. That is, Indian law legalizes the use of the rupee as a medium of payment that can not be refused in a setting transaction in India.

Question 5: Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India?
Answer:
We need to expand formal sources of credit in India due to the following reasons :

1. The moneylenders or the agricultural traders charge a much higher interest on loans. They generally charge 5 percent per month whereas the banks charge about 10 to 15 percent per annum. The higher rate of interest does little to increase the income of the borrowers.
2. The farmers who take loans from a trader are forced to sell their crops to him at a low price. As a result of it, the farmers suffer while the traders make a profit by selling grains at a higher prices.
3. Higher interest means the borrower has to pay a major portion of his earnings to repay the interest and principal of the loan. This sometimes leads to debt trap for the borrowers.
4. On the other hand, banks and cooperatives charge less interest and do not exploit the borrowers. Under these circumstances, there is need for expansion of formal sources of credit in India. It is also necessary that everyone receives these loans.
5. This would also lead to higher incomes and many people could then borrow cheaply for a variety of needs. The formal credit should be distributed equally to benefit the poor from the cheaper loan.
6. It may be added that cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the development of the country.

Question 6: What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your own words.
Answer:
The basic behind the SHGs is to provide a financial resource for the poor through organizing the rural poor especially women, into small Self Help Groups. They also provide timely loans at a responsible interest rate without collateral. Thus, the main objectives of the SHGs are:

1. To organize rural poor especially women into small Self Help Groups.
2. To collect savings of their members.
3. To provide loans without collateral.
4. To provide timely loans for a variety of purposes.
5. To provide loans at a responsible rate of interest and easy terms.
6. Provide a platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as education, health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.

Question 7: What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers?
Answer:
The banks might not be willing to lend certain borrowers due to the following reasons:

• Banks require proper documents and collateral as security against loans. Some persons fail to meet these requirements.
• The borrowers who have not repaid previous loans, the banks might not be willing to lend them further.
• The banks might not be willing to lend those entrepreneurs who are going to invest in the business with high risks.
• One of the principal objectives of a bank is to earn more profits after meeting a number of expenses. For this purpose, it has to adopt a judicious loan and investment policies which ensure fair and stable return on the funds.

Question 8: In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is this necessary?
Answer:
The Reserve Bank of India monitors the amount of money that banks loan out, and also the amount of cash balance maintained by them. It also ensures that banks give out loans not just to profiteering businesses but also to small cultivators, small scale industries, and small borrowers. Periodically, banks are supposed to submit information to the RBI on the amounts lent, to whom, and at what rates of interest.

This monitoring is necessary to ensure that equality is preserved in the financial sector, and that small industry are also given an outlet to grow. This is also done to make sure that banks do not loan out more money than they are supposed to, as this can lead to situations like the Great Depression of the 1930s in the USA, which greatly affected the world economy as well.

Question 9: Analyse the role of credit for development.
Answer:
The role of credit for development is very significant as mentioned below:

• It helps in increasing economic activities of the borrowers.
• If credit is made available to the poor people on reasonable terms and conditions, they can improve their economic condition. This will help in the over all development.
• Credit may increase the activities in the secondary sector e., manufacturing sector. Thus, with credit people could grow crops, do business, set up small-scale industries. They could set up new industries or trade in goods. Therefore, credit is crucial for the country’s development.

Question 10: Manav needs a loan to set up a small business. On what basis will Manav decide whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender? Discuss.
Answer: Manav will decide whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender on the basis of the following terms of credit:

• rate of interest
• requirements availability of collateral and documentation required by the banker.
• mode of repayment.

Depending on these factors and of course, easier terms of repayment, Manav has to decide whether he has to borrow from the bank or the moneylender.

Question 11: In India, about 80 percent of farmers are small farmers, who need cultivation.
(a) Why might banks be unwilling to lend to small farmers?
(b) What are the other sources from which the small farmers can borrow?
(c) Explain with an example of how the terms of credit can be unfavorable for the small farmer.
(d) Suggest some ways by which small farmers can get cheap credit.
Answer:
(a) The banks might be unwilling to lend to small farmers because the farmers usually take crop loan at the beginning of the season and repay the loan after harvest. Repayment of loan is dependent on the income from farming. And in case of crop failure, repayment becomes impossible. In such cases, the recovery of loan from the small farmers becomes very difficult. The small farmers have to sell part of the land to repay the loan that is why banks do not want to give loans to small farmers.

(b) Small farmers usually borrow from moneylenders or agricultural traders.

(c) In case of failure of crops, it becomes impossible for small farmers to repay the loan by selling their crops. Thus in order to repay, the small farmers sell a part of the land. This leads to worsening of their condition. Sometimes, small farmers give collateral or security against loans. The collateral generally consists of land, building, vehicles, livestock. In case of nonpayment of loan, the lender may sell the collateral to recover loan. Under above conditions, the terms of credit become unfavourable for the small farmers.

(d) Besides banks, the other major source of cheap credit in rural areas are the cooperative societies or cooperatives. Members of a cooperative society, pool their resources for cooperation in certain areas. The cooperative accepts deposits from its members. With these deposits as collateral, the cooperative obtains loan from the bank. These funds are used to provide loans to members.

Question 12: Fill in the blanks:

1. Majority of the credit needs of the __________households are met from informal sources.
2. __________costs of borrowing increase the debt-burden.
3. __________issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.
4. Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on __________.
5. _________is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the loan is repaid to the lender.

Answer:

1. Majority of the credit needs of the poor households are met from informal sources.
2. High costs of borrowing increase the debt-burden.
3. Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.
4. Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits.
5. Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the loan is repaid to the lender.

Question 13: Choose the most appropriate answer.
(i) In an SHG most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by
(a) Bank.
(b) Members.
(c) Non-government organization.

(ii) Formal sources of credit do not include
(a) Banks.
(b) Cooperatives.
(c) Employers.
Answer:
(i) (b)
(ii) (c)

class-10 subject social science (Economics) Chapter-2 Sectors and Indian Economy.

 EVENTS CONVENT HIGH SCHOOL

18/11/2021      CLASS- 10   SESSION 2021-22
SUBJECT :  SOCIAL SCIENCE (ECONOMICS)

CHAPTER-2 SECTORS OF INDIAN ECONOMY
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Page 35

Q1: Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:

(i) Employment in the service sector has not increased to the same extent as production.
(ii) Workers in the tertiary sector do not produce goods.
(iii) Most of the workers in the organised sector enjoy job security.
(iv) A large proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector.
(v) Cotton is a natural product and cloth is a manufactured product.
(vi) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are interdependent.

Q2: Choose the most appropriate answer.
(a) The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of:
(i) employment conditions
(ii) the nature of economic activity
(iii) ownership of enterprises( √)
(iv) number of workers employed in the enterprise

(b) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in ______________ sector.
(i) primary (√)
(ii) secondary
(iii) tertiary
(iv) information technology

(c) GDP is the total value of _____________ produced during a particular year.
(i) all goods and services
(ii) all final goods and services   (√)
(iii) all intermediate goods and services
(iv) all intermediate and final goods and services

(d) In terms of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2003 is _________
(i) between 20 per cent to 30 per cent
(ii) between 30 per cent to 40 per cent
(iii) between 50 per cent to 60 per cent  (√)
(iv) 70 per cent

Q4: Find the odd one out and say why.

Answer:

• Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter.
• Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer.
• Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable.
• MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, Sahara Airlines, All India Radio.
• Potter, because only the potter relates to the secondary sector.
• Vegetable vendor, since only this directly helps in the production of goods.
• Cobbler because the only cobbler falls in the private sector.
• Sahara Airlines, as this is only a private sector company in the group.

Q6: Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, tertiary, and secondary is useful? Explain how.
Answer:
The classification of economic activities into primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors is helpful as mentioned below :

• It provides information on how and where the people of a country are employed. For example in India in 2000, the share of the primary sector in employment was about 60 percent e., more than other sectors.
• It also helps in ascertaining as to which sector of economic activity contributes more or less to the country’s GDP and per capita income.
• If the tertiary sector is developing much faster than the primary sector, then it implies that agriculture is depleting and the government must take measures to rectify this.
• The knowledge that the agricultural profession is becoming unpopular or regressive can only come if we know which sector it belongs to.
• It provides us information about employment conditions in different sectors. For example in India, the primary sector faces the problem of disguised unemployment. In this sector, more people are employed and even if some are removed, production will not be affected.
• It provides us the information about progress in different sectors. For example, the importance of the tertiary sector has increased due to various factors need for basic services and the coming of IT services.
  In view of the above factors, it is necessary to classify economic activities into three sectors for smooth economic administration and development.

Q7: For each of the following sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
Answer:
(1) For each of the sectors we focus on employment and GDP due to the reasons mentioned below :

• To know the number of people employed in that sector. For example in 2000, the share of the primary sector in employment was more than secondary and tertiary sectors.
• To know the share of each sector in the GDP. For example in 2000, the share of the tertiary sector was more than that of the agriculture sector and secondary sector in the GDP.

• By focusing on GDP and employment we can draw conclusions regarding the generation of new employment opportunities in various sectors and take necessary steps accordingly.
• We come to know employment conditions for workers such as in the unorganized sector and take necessary steps to improve their condition. So that the workers are not exploited.

(2) Focus should be laid on other issues such as conditions of work, profit motive, efficiency, public welfare, environmentally friendly.

• Conditions of work should be in the favour of workers.
• The employment should be regular and the employer should follow various laws such as Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act etc.
• The production must be for the welfare of the people who should not be exploited by raising prices or creating a scarcity of goods in the market. Thus, such issues must be examined while discussing the role of different sectors in the economy of the country.

Q9: How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with few examples.
Answer:
The tertiary sector is different from other sectors as mentioned below :

1. The activities of the tertiary sector help in the development of primary and secondary sectors.
2. These activities, by themselves, do not produce a good, but they are an aid or support for the production process. For example, the transport system helps in taking goods from the factory to markets for the purpose of selling or storing in godowns.
3. It provides telephones and other products for communication to the traders. Banks provide money to help production and trade.
4. Thus transport, storage, communication etc. are not tertiary activities. On the other hand, primary sector forms the base for all products that we subsequently make. Minerals and ores are natural products which are converted into other forms by manufacturing. Sugar is made from sugarcane.

Q10: What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Answer: Disguised Unemployment is a kind of unemployment in which there are people who are visibly employed but are actually unemployed. This situation is also known as Hidden Unemployment. In such a situation more people are engaged in a work than required.

For example in rural areas, this type of unemployment is generally found in the agricultural sector like – in a family of 9 people all are engaged in the same agricultural plot. But if 4 people are withdrawn from it there will be no reduction in output. So, these 4 people are actually disguisedly employed.

In urban areas, this type of unemployment can be seen mostly in service sectors such as in a family all members are engaged in one petty shop or a small business which can be managed by less number of persons.

Q11: Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
Open Unemployment – When a country’s labour force do not get opportunities fro adequate employment, this situation is called open unemployment. This type of unemployment is generally found in the industrial sector of our country. This is also found among the landless agricultural labourers in rural areas.
Disguised Unemployment – This is a kind of unemployment in which there are people who are visibly employed but actually they don’t have full employment. In such a situation more people are engaged in a work than required. This type of unemployment is generally found in unorganized sector where either work is not constantly available or too many people are employed for the same work that does not require so many hands.

Q12: Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy. Do you agree/ Give reasons in support of your answer?
Answer:
“The tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy” is partially correct due to reasons as mentioned below :

The share of tertiary sector in employment has not increased in proportion to its increase in production. In 2000, the production in service sector rose by 11 times, whereas employment has risen less than three times. Therefore, still more than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector.

New services such as based on information technology have become important, but not all the services of the service sector are growing well. At one end are highly skilled and educated workers but on the other end, there are a very large number of workers engaged in services such as small shopkeepers, repair Arsons, transport persons. These persons barely manage to earn a living and yet they perform these services because no alternative opportunities for work are available to them. Such persons can not play any important role in the development of the Indian economy. It is this part of service sector that is not growing in importance.

Q13: Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?
Answer:
The service sector in India employs the following two different kinds of people. They are:
(a) The people involved in the services that may directly help in the production of goods. For example, people involved in the transportation, storage, communication, finance etc.
(b) The people involved in such services that may not directly help in the production of goods e.g. teachers, doctors, barbers, cobblers lawyers etc. They may be termed as ancillary workers means those who give services to the primary service providers.

Q14: Workers are exploited in the unorganized sector. Do you agree with this view.? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
Yes, workers are exploited in the unorganized sector. This would be clear from the following points:

1. There is no fixed number of working hours. The workers normally work 10 – 12 hours without paid overtime.
2. They do not get other allowances apart fro the daily wages.
3. Government rules and regulations to protect the labourers are not followed there.
4. There is no job security.
5. Jobs are low paid the workers in this sector are generally illiterate, ignorant and unorganized. So they are not in a position to bargain or secure good wages.
6. Being very poor they are always heavily in debt. So, they can be easily made to accept lower wages.

Q15: How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?
Answer:
On the basis of employment conditions, the activities in the economy are classified into organized and unorganized sectors.

Organized Sector This sector covers those enterprises which are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations. For example, Reliance Industries Ltd., GAIL etc.

Unorganized Sector It includes those small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. Though there are rules and regulations but these are never followed here. For example, casual workers in construction, shops etc. In this sector there is no job security and the conditions of employment are also very tough.

Q16: Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors.
Answer:
The employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors are vastly different. The organised sector has companies registered with the government and hence, it offers job security, paid holidays, pensions, health and other benefits, fixed working hours and extra pay for overtime work. On the other hand, the unorganised sector is a host of opposites. There is no job security, no paid holidays or pensions on retirement, no benefits of provident fund or health insurance, unfixed working hours and no guarantee of safe work environment.

Q17: Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.
Answer:

1. The objective of implementing the NREGA 2005 i.e., National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 is to implement the right to work.
2. The Act has to be implemented in 200 districts.
3. Under this Act, all those who are able to, and are in need of work have been guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year by the government.
4. If the government fails in its duty to provide employment, it will give unemployment allowance to the people.
5. The types of work that would in future help to increase the production from land will be given preference under this Act.

Q18: Using examples from your area compare and contrast the activities and functions of private and public sectors.
Answer:
The activities and functions of private and public sectors in our area may be compared as mentioned below :

Private Sector	Public Sector
(1) The vegetable shops, grocery shops, sweet shops etc. are in private sector.	(1) Mother Dairy booths which sell vegetables, fruits, milk and milk products are in public sector.
(2) These are owned by private individuals.	(2) These are owned by public sector undertaking ‘Mother Dairy’
(3) Vegetables and other products are generally of good quality.	(3) The vegetables and fruits are generally of average or poor quality.
(4) The rates may be slightly higher	(4) The rates are lower than the market rates.
(5) The companies like Reliance, Tata, Airtel provide telephone and TV services which are of very good standard.	(5) MTNL provides telephone services. There are complaints against their services. On many occasions, telephones remain out of order, hut they do not charge for that period.

Q20: Give three examples of Public Sector activities and explain why the government has taken up them.
Answer: The examples are:
Railways: The government has taken up it for the following reasons –
1. Only the government can invest large sums of money on the public project with long gestation period.
2. To ensure and provide transportation at cheap rate.
NTPC: The government has taken up it to provide electricity at a lower rate than the actual cost of production. The aim is to protect and encourage the private sector especially small scale industries.
AIIMS: To provide quality health services at reasonably cheap rate was the main purpose of the government to start this.

Q21: Explain how Public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.
Answer: In the following ways Public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation:

1. It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure.
2. It creates employment opportunities.
3. It generates financial resources for development.
4. It is ensuring equality of income, wealth and thus, a balanced regional development.
5. It encourages development of small, medium and cottage industries.
6. It ensures easy availability of goods at moderate rates.

Q22: The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues: wages, safety and health. Explain with examples?
Answer:
The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues: wages, safety and health. In the construction sector, labourers are employed on a daily basis. Hence, they have no job security. Here, wages too differ from time to time. Consequently, the government has set up a minimum wages act to protect such workers from economic exploitation.

The same problem exists for miners working in private mining companies. Their safety is secondary to the company’s profits, and as a result, many miners suffer grievous injuries (and many a times, even die) due to inadequate safety gear and norms. Governments of most nations have now laid down strict rules for private enterprises to ensure workers’ safety.

Most companies in the unorganised sector do not provide health insurance to their employees. Some of these might be involved in dangerous factory production that may harm a worker’s health in the long term. These workers need to be protected against the tyranny of the employer, and it is here that the government steps in.

Q23: A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was Rs 60,000 million. Out of this Rs 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city?
Answer:
Ways to generate more employment in the city of Ahmedabad have to be provided by the government, especially in the unorganised sector. As the table shows, the organised sector’s earnings are much higher than that of the unorganised sector even though the latter employs almost 80% of the city workers. More companies need to be brought under the roof of the organised sector so that workers from the unorganised sector are attracted to jobs there, with higher and more secure wages. For this, the government must provide loans and aid to companies transferring from unorganised to organised sectors.

CLASS-8 SUBJECT GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER-5 INDUSTRIES

 EVENTS CONVENT HIGH SCHOOL

11/11/2021      CLASS- 8   SESSION 2021-22
SUBJECT :  SOCIAL SCIENCE (GEOGRAPHY)

CHAPTER-5 INDUSTRIES
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Question 1.Choose the correct option.
(i) What class of economic activities does manufacturing come under?
(a) Primary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
(d) Primary as well as secondary

(ii) Which industry is the base of all other industries?
(a) Cotton textile industry
(b) Leather industry
(c) Iron and steel industry
(d) IT industry

(iii) What class of industries does Mamti Udyog come under?
(a) Joint sector
(b) Private sector
(c) Public sector
(d) Cooperative sector

(iv) Which of these factors affect the location of industries?
(a) Power
(b) Availability of raw material
(c) Transport
(d) All of these

(v) What process does the iron ore undergo in a blast furnace?
(a) Smelting
(b) Refining
(c) Extraction
(d) None of these

(vi) What is the output of iron and steel industry?
(a) Steel
(b) Pig iron
(c) Iron ore
(d) All of these

(vii) Which of these states has some major steel-producing centers?
(a) Punjab
(b) Jharkhand
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Maharashtra

(viii) What is the name of the place where TISCO began?
(a) Kharkai
(b) Calcutta
(c) Sakchi
(d) Rourkela

(ix) From where does the iron ore come to Pittsburgh?
(a) Silicon Valley
(b) Florida
(c) Minnesota
(d) Washington
Answer:
(i) (b), (ii) (c), (iii) (a), (iv) (d), (v)(a), (vi) (a), (vii) (b), (viii) (c), (ix) (c).

Question 2.
Fill in the blank spaces given to complete each sentence.

1. The river that provides sufficient water to Osaka’s textile industry is ………………..
2. On basis of raw materials used, industries are classified as and ………………
3. Basket-weaving, handicraft, and pottery are examples of …………… industries.
4. Factors affecting the location of industries are …………, ……………, …………, ……….. etc. (give any four)
5. Regions like the Mumbai-Pune cluster and Chhotanagpur industrial belt are important ……….. regions of India.
6. The process of smelting is done in a ………….
7. The four states where most steel-producing centres are located are and ………….
8. The first cotton textile mill was established in Ahmedabad in ………..
9. Silicon Valley is located near the …………….. Mountains.

Answer:

1. Yodo
2. agro-based, mineral-based, marine-based, forest-based
3. small-scale
4. power, raw material, labour, capital, market, transport, communication, etc.
5. industrial
6. blast furnace
7. West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh
8. 1859
9. Rocky

Question 3.
State whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F).

1. The leather industry is a forest-based industry.
2. Small capital and infrastructure characterize small-scale industries.
3. Milk dairies like Sudha Dairy are joint sector industries.
4. Raw materials are inputs into an industry’s manufacturing process.
5. Major industrial regions tend to be located in the temperate areas, near seaports and coal fields.
6. The iron and steel industry is a sunrise industry.
7. While smelting, heating is done beyond the melting point.
8. Alloying with other elements changes the properties of steel.
9. The nearest station to the Sakchi steel plant was Kalimati.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. True
8. True
9. True

Question 4.
Match the items given in Column I correctly with those given in Column II.

Answer:
(i) (b), (ii) (e), (iii) (a), (iv) (c), (v) (d).

Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 Industries Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define industry.
Answer:
The industry refers to economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods, extraction of minerals, or the provision of services.

Question 2.
Name three common methods of classifying industries.
Answer:
Industries are classified according to the raw material used, size, and ownership.

Question 3.
Expand the abbreviation AMUL. Where is its headquarters?
Answer:
Anand Milk Union Limited. Its headquarters are in Anand, Gujarat.

Question 4.
Name four common processes involved in the textile industry.
Answer:
Ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing are processes involved in the textile industry.

Question 5.
Name an industrial region in northern India.
Answer:
The Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region is an industrial region in northern India.

Question 6.
Name some elements alloyed with steel.
Answer:
Aluminium, nickel, and copper are elements that are alloyed with steel.

Question 7.
What products do industrial plants in Jamshedpur produce?
Answer:
Industrial plants produce chemicals, locomotive parts, agricultural equipment, machinery, tinplate, etc.

Question 8.
What is the link between the mines and the industry in Pittsburgh?
Answer:
The Great Lakes of North America lying between the mines and industrial plants in Pittsburgh.

Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 Industries Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe briefly the classification of industries on basis of raw material used.
Answer:
On the basis of raw material used, industries are classified into agro, mineral, marine, and forest-based. The raw material of agro-based industries consists of plant and animal-based products. Some examples are food processing, cotton textile industry, and leather industry. The raw material used in mineral-based industries consists of mineral ores.

An example: iron and steel industry. Marine-based industries use products obtained from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Seafood industry is one such industry. A forest-based industry uses forest produce as raw material. Examples are the paper industry and furniture.

Question 2.
Describe briefly the classification of industries on basis of ownership.
Answer:
On the basis of ownership, industries are classified into the private sector, state-owned (public sector), joint sector, and cooperative sector. Private-sector industries are owned by individuals or a group of individuals. Public sector industries are owned by the government. Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals. Maruti Udyog is an example of such an industry. Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both. AMUL is one such industry.

Question 3.
Describe the inputs, processes, and outputs in an industrial system with an example.
Answer:
An industrial system consists of inputs, processes, and outputs. Raw materials, labour, costs, transport, power and infrastructure are inputs. In a cotton textile industry, for example, inputs are cotton, human labour, transport cost, etc. Processes are activities done to convert raw material into finished products. In a cotton textile industry, ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, etc process. The finished product and all profits earned are the outputs. In the cotton textile industry, the outputs are clothes we wear.

Question 4.
Give examples of industrial regions in India and the world.
Answer:
The major industrial areas of the world are eastern North America, western and central Europe, eastern Europe, and eastern Asia. In India, major industrial regions are the Mumbai-Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region, Ahmedabad-Baroda region, Chhotanagpur industrial belt, Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Belt, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region, and the Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram industrial cluster.

Question 5.
Write the properties and significance of steel.
Answer:
Steel has these properties: it is tough, it can easily be shaped (malleability), cut or made into wire (ductility). Adding certain other elements makes it harder, tougher, and rust-retention capability.

Steel is the backbone of the modern industry. We use a lot of steel objects in daily life. Ships, trains, and most other vehicles, tiny needles and safety pins, machinery and equipment, buildings, etc utilise steel as a main or sole constituent.